TL;DR:
Probate in Illinois is the court process of administering an estate, paying debts, and distributing assets to heirs. It is governed by the Illinois Probate Act and is usually required when assets exceed $150,000 or include solely owned property. Cases may proceed through independent or supervised administration, or a small estate process, and timelines vary based on complexity.
When a loved one passes away, grief is complicated enough without the added burden of navigating the Illinois court system alone. Probate – the legal process through which a deceased person’s estate is administered, debts are paid, and assets are distributed to heirs or beneficiaries – can be straightforward in some cases and surprisingly complex in others. At Citizens Law Group, we guide families and estate representatives through the Illinois probate process with clarity, efficiency, and the sensitivity this work demands.
What is Probate and When is it Required in Illinois?
Probate is the court-supervised process of administering a deceased person’s estate. In Illinois, probate is governed primarily by the Probate Act of 1975 (755 ILCS 5/1-1 et seq.). Probate is generally required when a person dies owning assets titled solely in their name that exceed $150,000 in total value, or when the estate includes real property titled solely in the decedent’s name. Assets that pass outside of probate – such as jointly held property, life insurance with named beneficiaries, retirement accounts with designated beneficiaries, and assets held in trusts in Illinois – are not subject to the probate process. Even when probate is technically required, Illinois offers a simplified small estate procedure for estates under $150,000 that do not include real property, allowing heirs to collect assets through an affidavit rather than a full court proceeding. For larger or more complex estates, formal probate through the circuit court is the appropriate path.
Types of Probate Proceedings in Illinois
Independent Administration
Most Illinois probate estates are administered under independent administration (755 ILCS 5/28-1 et seq.), which gives the executor or administrator broad authority to manage and distribute the estate without court approval at every step. Independent administration is faster, less expensive, and more flexible than supervised administration, and it is the preferred approach when beneficiaries are not in conflict and the estate’s assets and debts are reasonably clear.
Supervised Administration
When the estate involves significant disputes among heirs, creditor claims that are contested, or a fiduciary whose conduct requires closer court oversight, the court may order – or a party may request – supervised administration. Under supervised administration, major actions by the executor or administrator require prior court approval. This adds procedural protection but also adds time and cost. We advise clients on which form of administration best fits their specific estate circumstances.
Small Estate Affidavit (755 ILCS 5/25-1)
When the total value of the decedent’s probate estate does not exceed $150,000 and includes no real property, heirs may be able to collect assets using a small estate affidavit rather than opening a formal probate proceeding in circuit court. The affidavit must be signed under oath, must identify the decedent and the claiming heirs, and must certify that no probate proceeding is pending or has been commenced in any jurisdiction. Financial institutions, employers, and other asset holders are generally required to release assets to the affiant upon presentation of a valid affidavit, making this a significantly faster and less expensive path when the estate qualifies.
The Illinois Probate Process – Step by Step
- Filing the petition: A petition to open the estate is filed in the circuit court of the county where the decedent resided at death. The petition identifies the decedent, the proposed executor or administrator, the heirs at law, and the nature and approximate value of the estate’s assets.
- Appointment of the executor or administrator: If a will names an executor, the court typically confirms that appointment after the will is admitted to probate. If there is no will, or if the named executor cannot or will not serve, the court appoints an administrator – usually the closest surviving heir willing to serve.
- Notice to heirs and creditors: Illinois law requires formal written notice to known heirs and beneficiaries, and publication of notice to unknown creditors in a local newspaper. Creditors generally have six months from the date of the decedent’s death to present claims against the estate (755 ILCS 5/18-12).
- Inventory and appraisal: The executor or administrator must file an inventory of the estate’s assets and their fair market values within 60 days of appointment. Professional appraisals may be required for real estate, closely held business interests, or other non-liquid assets.
- Payment of debts and taxes: Valid creditor claims, estate administration expenses, and any applicable Illinois or federal taxes must be paid in full before the estate’s remaining assets are distributed to heirs or beneficiaries.
- Distribution and closing: After all debts are resolved, the remaining assets are distributed according to the will (covered under Wills & Estate) or, if there is no will, according to the Illinois intestacy statute (755 ILCS 5/2-1 et seq.). The estate is then formally closed by court order.
Contested Probate Matters
Not all probate proceedings are straightforward. We regularly handle contested matters including will contests – challenges to the validity of a will based on lack of testamentary capacity, undue influence, fraud, or improper execution under 755 ILCS 5/8-1; claims of breach of fiduciary duty by an executor or administrator who has mismanaged, delayed, or misappropriated estate assets; disputes among heirs over the interpretation of ambiguous will language or the valuation of specific assets including real estate and business interests; creditor claim disputes where the estate disputes the validity or amount of a debt that has been presented for payment; and citation proceedings under 755 ILCS 5/16-1 to recover assets that were improperly transferred out of the estate before or after the decedent’s death, whether through undue influence, fraud, or financial exploitation of a vulnerable person.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does probate take in Illinois?
The minimum timeline for a formal Illinois probate proceeding is approximately six months – the period during which creditors may present claims against the estate under 755 ILCS 5/18-12. Most uncomplicated estates are fully administered and closed within nine to eighteen months from the date the petition is filed. Contested estates, or those involving business interests, real estate disputes, out-of-state property, or unresolved tax obligations, can take significantly longer – sometimes several years. We keep clients informed of realistic timelines based on the specific circumstances of their estate and manage the process actively to avoid unnecessary delays.
What happens if someone dies without a will in Illinois?
When a person dies without a valid will, they are said to have died intestate. Their estate is distributed according to the Illinois intestacy statute (755 ILCS 5/2-1), which establishes a fixed priority order among surviving heirs: spouse, children, grandchildren, parents, siblings, and more distant relatives. If no eligible heirs exist, the estate escheats to the State of Illinois. Dying without a will does not avoid probate – it simply removes your ability to control how your assets are distributed, who administers your estate, and who is named guardian of any minor children. A valid will is the only way to exercise that control.
Can an executor be removed in Illinois?
Yes. Under 755 ILCS 5/23-2, the court may remove an executor or administrator who has wasted or misappropriated estate assets, failed to perform their duties, become incapacitated, or whose interests are in conflict with the interests of the estate. A petition for removal may be filed by any interested party, including heirs, beneficiaries, or creditors. We represent both parties seeking removal of a fiduciary and fiduciaries defending against removal petitions.
Do I need an attorney for Illinois probate?
Illinois law does not require attorney representation in probate proceedings, but the process involves court filings, statutory deadlines, creditor notice requirements, and fiduciary obligations that carry real legal and personal liability if mishandled. Executors and administrators who make errors – even unintentionally – can be held personally liable for losses to the estate. Most Illinois probate practitioners strongly recommend legal representation, particularly when the estate includes real property, a business interest, contested debts, or any family conflict.
Let’s Help You Through the Probate Process
Probate does not have to be overwhelming. Whether you are an executor trying to do right by your family, an heir with questions about your rights, or a beneficiary concerned about how the estate is being handled, Citizens Law Group is ready to guide you through every step of the Illinois probate process. Contact us for a free consultation.